CPUID(1)

NAME
cpuid - Dump CPUID information for each CPU

SYNOPSIS
cpuid [options...]

DESCRIPTION
cpuid dumps detailed information about the CPU(s) gathered from the CPUID instruction, and also determines the exact model of CPU(s) from that information. It dumps all information available from the CPUID instruction. The exact collection of information available varies between manufacturers and processors. The following information is available consistently on all modern CPUs:
	vendor_id
	version information (1/eax)
	miscellaneous (1/ebx)
	feature information (1/ecx)
It also produces synthetic fields based on information from multiple CPUID functions. Currently, the synthetic fields are the exact model of each CPU (but see LIMITATIONS below) as (synth); the multiprocessing characteristics including the number of cores per chip (c) and the number of hyperthreads per core (t) as (multi-processing synth); and a decoding of the APIC physical ID as (APIC synth). The determination of the model is based on the following information:
	version information (1/eax), processor type
	version information (1/eax), family
	version information (1/eax), model
	version information (1/eax), stepping id
	version information (1/eax), extended family
	version information (1/eax), extended model
	feature information (1/ecx), virtual machine extensions
	brand id (1/ebx)
	brand (0x80000004)
	cache and TLB information (2)
	deterministic cache parameters (4/eax), extra processor cores
	AMD extended brand id (0x80000001/ebx)
	AMD extended processor signature (0x80000001/eax)
	Transmeta processor revision ID (0x80860001/ebx & ecx)
The determination of the multiprocessing characteristics and decoding of APIC physical ID is based on the following information:
	feature information (1/edx), hyper-threading / multi-core supported
	miscellaneous (1/ebx), cpu count
	deterministic cache parameters (4/eax), extra processor cores on this die
	x2APIC features / processor topology (0xb)
	AMD feature flags (0x80000001/ecx)
	AMD Logical CPU cores (0x80000008/ecx), number of logical CPU cores - 1
In addition, a simpler and coarser determination of the CPU is performed using only the information listed above under version information (1/eax). It is provided as (simple synth) under version information (1/eax). However, it tends to be unable to distinguish between various modern CPUs.

OPTIONS

cpuid accepts the following command line arguments:

-1, --one-cpu
    Display information only for the first CPU. This cuts down on the output on a multiprocessor system, and is useful when certain that all CPUs are identical.

-f FILE, --file=FILE
    Read raw hex information from FILE instead of from executions of the cpuid instruction. If the filename is '-', instead read from standard input.

-l LEAF, --leaf=LEAF
    Display information only for the specified LEAF.

-s SUBLEAF, --subleaf=SUBLEAF
    Display information only for the specified SUBLEAF. It requires the -l or --leaf option to specify the LEAF.

-h, -H, --help
    Display help information.

-i, --inst
    Use the CPUID instruction. The information it provides is reliable. It is not necessary to be root to use this option. (This option is the default.)

-k, --kernel
    Use the CPUID kernel module. The information does not seem to be reliable on all combinations of CPU type and kernel version. Typically, it is necessary to be root to use this option.

-r, --raw
    Display only raw hex information with no decoding.

-v, --version
    Display cpuid version.

LIMITATIONS
There are numerous cases where there is no way to distinguish between various CPUs in the (synth) information. In some cases, the sizes of caches, number of cores, brand strings, etc., can be used to distinguish multiple CPUs with the same family and model. But there are cases where that information is insufficient. Whenever cpuid is unable to distinguish between multiple CPUs, it will list all known possibilities. If you believe that a certain processor should be distinguishable from another and it isn't, please inform the author of this tool. The (multi-processing synth) information is unreliable on many processors. It faithfully reports the information provided by the CPUID instruction and decodes it as recommended by the processor manufacturers, but often that information is incorrect. The information seems to indicate the architecture's capabilities, rather than what the particular chip actually does. In particular, it seems commonplace to claim the presence of multiple hyperthreads when there is only one.

INFORMATION SOURCES
Information on the CPUID instruction and on specific CPUs is available from the following documents from Intel Corporation <http://www.intel.com/support/processors/index.htm>, with the specified Document Numbers:
    241618: Intel Processor Identification and the CPUID Instruction, Application Note 485
    242480: Pentium Processor Specification Update
    242689: Pentium Pro Processor Specification Update
    243326: 60- and 66-MHz Pentium Processor Specification Update
    243337: Intel Pentium II Processor Specification Update
    243748: Intel Celeron Processor Specification Update
    243776: Intel Pentium II Xeon Processor Specification Update
    243887: Mobile Intel Pentium II Processor Specification Update
    244444: Mobile Intel Celeron Processor at 466 MHz, 433 MHz, 400 MHz, 366 MHz, 333 MHz, 300 MHz, and 266 MHz Specification Update
    244453: Intel Pentium III Processor Specification Update
    244460: Intel Pentium III Xeon Processor Specification Update
    245306: Mobile Intel Pentium III Processor and Mobile Intel Pentium III Processor-M Specification Update
    245421: Mobile Intel Celeron Processor (0.18u and 0.13u) Specification Update
    249199: Intel Pentium 4 Processor Specification Update
    249678: Intel Xeon Processor Specification Update
    250721: Mobile Intel Pentium 4 Processor-M Specification Update
    251309: Mobile Intel Celeron Processor on .13 Micron Process in Micro-FCPGA Package Specification Update
    252665: Intel Pentium M Processor Specification Update
    253176: Mobile Intel Pentium 4 Processor with 533 MHz System Bus Specification Update
    253666: 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2A: Instruction Set Reference, A-M.
    276613: Detecting Multi-Core Processor Topology in an IA-32 Platform by Khang Nguyen and Shihjong Kuo
    290741: Intel Xeon Processor MP Specification Update
    290749: Intel Celeron Processor in the 478-Pin Package Specification Update
    300303: Intel Celeron M Processor Specification Update
    302209: Intel Pentium M Processor on 90nm Process with 2-MB L2 Cache Specification Update
    302352: Intel Pentium 4 Processor on 90 nm Process Specification Update
    302354: Intel Celeron D Processor 3xx Sequence Specification Update
    302402: Intel Xeon Processor with 800 MHz System Bus
    302441: Mobile Intel Pentium 4 Processor supporting Hyper-Threading Technology on 90-nm process technology Specification Update
    306752: 64-bit Intel Xeon Processor MP with 1 MB L2 Cache Specification Update
    306757: 64-bit Intel Xeon Processor MP with up to 8 MB L3 Cache Specification Update
    306832: Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition and Intel Pentium D Processor Specification Update
    309159: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 2.80 GHz Specification Update
    309222: Intel Core Duo Processor and Intel Core Solo Processor on 65 nm Process Specification Update
    309627: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 7000 Sequence Specification Update
    310307: Intel Pentium D Processor 900 Sequence and Intel Pentium Processor Extreme Edition 955, 965 Specification Update
    310309: Intel Pentium 4 Processor 6x1 Sequence Specification Update
    311392: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor LV and ULV Specification Update 311827: Intel Celeron D Processor 300 Sequence Specification Update
    313065: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 5000 Series Specification Update
    313279: Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor X6800 and Intel Core 2 Duo Desktop Processor E6000 Sequence Specification Update
    313356: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 5100 Series Specification Update
    313515: Intel Pentium Dual-Core Processor Specification Update
    314079: Intel Core 2 Duo and Intel Core 2 Solo Processor for Intel Centrino Duo Processor Technology Intel Celeron Processor 500 Series Specification Update 314554: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 7100 Series Specification Update
    314916: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 3000 Series Specification Update
    315593: Intel Core 2 Extreme Quad-Core Processor QX6000 Sequence and Intel Core 2 Quad Processor Q6000 Sequence Specification Update
    316134: Quad-Core Intel Xeon Processor 3200 Series Specification Update
    316515: Intel Pentium Dual-Core Processor Specification Update
    316964: Intel Celeron Processor 400 Series Specification Update
    316982: Intel Pentium Dual-Core Desktop Processor E2000 Series Specification Update
    317667: Intel Celeron Processor 500 Series Specification Update
    318081: Intel Xeon Processor 7200 and 7300 Series Specification Update
    318547: Intel Celeron Processor 200 Sequence Specification Update
    318585: Intel Xeon Processor 5400 Series Specification Update
    318586: Intel Xeon Processor 5200 Series Specification Update
    318727: Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor QX9000 Series and Intel Core 2 Quad Processor Q9000, Q9000S, Q8000, Q8000S Series Specification Update
    318733: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor E8000 and E7000 Series Specification Update
    318915: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor and Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor on 45-nm Process Specification Update
    318925: Intel Celeron Dual-Core Processor E1000 Series Specification Update
    319006: Dual-Core Intel Xeon Processor 3100 Series Specification Update
    319007: Quad-Core Intel Xeon Processor 3300 Series Specification Update
    319129: Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor QX9775 Specification Update
    319433: Intel Architecture Instruction Set Extensions Programming Reference
    319536: Intel Atom Processor Z5xx Series Specification Update
    319735: Intel Celeron Dual-Core Processor T1x00 Series Specification Update
    319978: Intel Atom Processor 200 Series Specification Update
    320047: Intel Atom Processor N270 Series Specification Update
    320121: Intel Core 2 Extreme Quad-Core Mobile Processor, Intel Core 2 Quad Mobile Processor, Intel Core 2 Extreme Mobile Processor, Intel Core 2 Duo Mobile Processor, Intel Core 2 Solo Mobile Processor and Intel Celeron Processor on 45-nm Process Specification Update
    320257: Intel EP80579 Integrated Processor Product Line Specification Update
    320336: Intel Xeon Processor 7400 Series Specification Update
    320468: Intel Pentium Dual-Core E6000 and E5000 Series Specification Update
    320529: Intel Atom Processor 300 Series Specification Update
    320767: Intel Core i7-900 Mobile Processor Extreme Edition Series, Intel Core i7-800 and i7-700 Mobile Processor Series Specification Update
    320836: Intel Core i7-900 Desktop Processor Extreme Edition Series and Intel Core i7-900 Desktop Processor Series Specification Update
    321324: Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Specification Update
    321333: Intel Xeon Processor 3500 Series Specification Update
    322166: Intel Core i7-800 and i5-700 Desktop Processor Series Specification Update
    322373: Intel Xeon Processor 3400 Series Specification Update
    322568: Intel Celeron Processor E3x00 Series Specification Update
    322849: Intel Atom Processor N400 Series Specification Update
    322861: Intel Atom Processor D400 Series (Single Core) Specification Update
    322862: Intel Atom Processor D500 Series (Dual Core) Specification Update
    322814: Intel Core i7-600, i5-500, i5-400 and i3-300 Mobile Processor Series Specification Update
    322911: Intel Core i5-600, i3-500 Desktop Processor Series and Intel Pentium Processor G6950 Specification Update
    323056: Intel Xeon Processor L3406 Specification Update
    323179: Intel Core i7-660UE, i7-620LE/UE, i7-610E, i5-520E, i3-330E and Intel Celeron Processor P4505, U3405 Series Datasheet Addendum Specification Update
    323105: Intel Xeon Processor C5500/C3500 Series Specification Update
    323254: Intel Core i7-900 Desktop Processor Extreme Edition Series and Intel Core i7-900 Desktop Processor Series on 32-nm Process Specification Update
    323338: Intel Xeon Processor 3600 Series Specification Update
    323344: Intel Xeon Processor 7500 Series Specification Update
    323372: Intel Xeon Processor 5600 Series Specification Update
    323874: Intel Pentium P6000 and U5000 Mobile Processor Series Specification Update
    324209: Intel Atom Processor E6xx Series Specification Update
    324341: Intel Atom Processor N500 Series Specification Update
    Intel 64 Architecture Processor Topology Enumeration (Whitepaper) by Shih Kuo
    324456: Intel Celeron Mobile Processor P4000 and U3000 Series Specification Update
    324643: 2nd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Desktop Specification Update
    324827: 2nd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Mobile Specification Update
    324972: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 Product Family Specification Update
    325122: Intel Xeon Processor E7-8800 / 4800 / 2800 Product Families Specification Update
    325307: Intel Atom Processor Z600 Series Specification Update
    325309: Intel Atom Processor Z6000 Series Specification Update
    325462: Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Combined Volumes: 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 4
    325630: Intel Atom Processor Z6xx Series Specification Update
    326140: Intel Atom Processor N2000 and D2000 Series Specification Update
    326198: Intel Core i7 Processor Family for the LGA-2011 Socket Specification Update
    326510: Intel Xeon Processor E5 Family Specification Update
    326766: Desktop 3rd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
    326770: Mobile 3rd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
    326774: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 v2 Product Family Specification Update
    327335: Intel Xeon and Intel Core Processors For Communications Infrastructure Specification Update
    328105: Intel Atom Processor Z2760 Specification Update
    328198: Intel Atom Processor S1200 Product Family for Microserver Specification Update
    328205: Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessor x100 Product Family Specification Update
    328899: Desktop 4th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
    328903: Mobile 4th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
    328908: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 v3 Product Family Specification Update
    329189: Intel Xeon Processor E5 v2 Product Family Specification Update
    329376: Intel Xeon E3-1125C v2, E3-1105C v2, Intel Core 3115C and Intel Pentium Processor B925C Specification Update
    329460: Intel Atom Processor C2000 Product Family Specification Update
    329475: Intel Atom Processor Z3600 and Z3700 Series Specification Update
    329597: Intel Xeon Processor E7 v2 Product Family Specification Update
    329671/600827: Intel Pentium Processor N3500-series, J2850, J2900 and Intel Celeron Processor N2900-series, N2800-series, J1800-series, J1900, J1750 Specification Update
    329676: Intel Quark SoC X1000 Datasheet
    329901/600834: Intel Atom Processor E3800 Specification Update
    330785: Intel Xeon Processor E5 v3 Product Family Specification Update
    330836: 5th Generation Intel Core Processor Family, Intel Core M Processor Family, Mobile Intel Pentium Processor Family, and Mobile Intel Celeron Processor Family Specification Update
    330841: Intel Core i7 Processor Family for LGA2011-v3 Socket Specification Update
    332054: Intel Xeon Processor D-1500 Product Family Specification Update
    332067: Intel Atom Z8000 Processor Series Specification Update
    332095: Intel N-Series Intel Pentium Processors and Intel Celeron Processors Specification Update
    332317: Intel Xeon Processor E7 v3 Product Family Specification Update
    332381: Mobile/Desktop 5th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
    332689: 6th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
    333133: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 v5 Product Family Specification Update
    333811: Intel Xeon Processor E5-2600 v4 Product Family Specification Update
    334165: Intel Xeon Processor E7-8800/4800 v4 Product Family Specification Update
    334208: Intel Core i7 Processor Family for LGA2011-v3 Socket Specification Update
    334525: Control-flow Enforcement Technology Preview
    334646: Intel Xeon Phi Processor x200 Product Family Preliminary Specification Update
    334663: 7th Generation Intel Processor Family Specification Update Supporting 7th Generation Intel Core Processor Families based on U/Y-Processor Line
    334820: Intel Pentium and Celeron Processor N- and J- Series Specification Update
    335252: 5-Level Paging and 5-Level EPT White Paper
    335718/730694: Intel Xeon Processor E3-1200 v6 Product Family Specification Update
    335864: Intel Celeron Processor J1800, J1900, N2807, and N2930 for Internet of Things Specification Update Addendum
    335901: Intel Core X-Series Processor Family Specification Update
    336065/613537: Intel Xeon Processor Scalable Family Specification Update
    336345: Intel Atom Processor C3000 Product Family Specification Update
    336466: 8th Generation Intel Processor Family for S-Processor Platforms Specification Update
    336505: Intel Xeon Processor Scalable Family Specification Update
    336562: Intel Pentium Silver and Intel Celeron Processors Specification Update
    337346: 8th and 9th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
    336907: Intel Architecture Memory Encryption Technologies Specification
    338014: Intel Xeon E-2100 and E-2200 Processor Family Specification Update
    338025: 8th Generation Intel Core Processor Families Specification Update
    338848: Second Generation Intel Xeon Scalable Processors Specification Update
    338854: Intel Xeon D-2100 Processor Product Family Specification Update
    341079: 10th Generation Intel Core Processor Families Specification Update
    343754: Intel Trust Domain CPU Architectural Extensions
    344425: Architecture Specification: Intel Trust Domain Extensions (Intel TDX) Module
    346466: Intel Flexible Return and Event Delivery (FRED) Specification
    355828: Intel Advanced Performance Extensions (Intel APX) Architecture Specification.
    615213: 10th Generation Intel Core Processor Specification Update
    631123: 11th Generation Intel Core Processor Family Specification Update
    634808: 11th Generation Intel Core Processor Specification Update Supporting 11th Generation Intel Core Processor Families for S Platform, formerly known as Rocket Lake
    634542: Intel Pentium Silver and Intel Celeron Processor Specification Update
    634897: 3rd Generation Intel Xeon Scalable Processors, Codename Cooper Lake Specification Update
    636674: Intel Atom x6000E Series, and Intel Pentium and Celeron N and J Series Processors for Internet of Things (IoT) Applications Specification Update - Public
    637780: 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors, Codename Ice Lake Specification Update
    682436: 12th Generation Intel Core Processor Specification Update Supporting 12th Generation Intel Core Processor for S Processor Line Platforms, formerly known as Alder Lake
    709192: Intel Xeon E-2300 Processor Family Specification Update
    714071: Intel Xeon D-2700 Processor Family Specification Update
    743844: 13th Generation Intel Core Processors Datasheet, Volume 1 of 2 Supporting 13th Generation Intel Core Processor for S/P/PX/H/HX/U Processor Line Platforms, formerly known as Raptor Lake
    759603: Intel Processor and Intel Core i3 N-Series Datasheet, Volume 1 of 2
    764616: Intel Processor and Intel Core i3 N-series Specification Update
    772415: 4th Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors Codename Sapphire Rapids Specification Update
    792254: Intel Core Ultra Processor Specification Update
    793902: 5th Gen Intel Xeon Processor Scalable Family, Codename Emerald Rapids Specification Update
    Intel Microcode Update Guidance
    Branch History Injection and Intra-mode Branch Target Injection / CVE-2022-0001, CVE-2022-0002 / INTEL-SA-00598
    Intel Transactional Synchronization Extensions (Intel TSX) Memory and Performance Monitoring Update for Intel Processors (Article ID 000059422)
    Retpoline: A Branch Target Injection Mitigation
    Special Register Buffer Data Sampling
Information on the CPUID instruction and on specific CPUs is available from the following documents from Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. <http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/TechnicalResources>, with the specified Publication Numbers:
    20734: AMD Processor Recognition Application Note
    21266: AMD-K6 Processor Revision Guide Model 6
    21641: AMD-K6-2 Processor Revision Guide Model 8
    21846: AMD-K6 Processor Revision Guide Model 7
    22473: AMD-K6-III Processor Revision Guide Model 9
    23614: AMD Athlon Processor Model 4 Revision Guide
    23865: AMD Duron Processor Model 3 Revision Guide
    24332: AMD Athlon Processor Model 6 Revision Guide
    24594: AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual Volume 3: General-Purpose and System Instructions
    24806: AMD Duron Processor Model 7 Revision Guide
    25481: CPUID Specification
    25703: AMD Athlon Processor Model 8 Revision Guide
    25759: Revision Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron Processors
    26094: BIOS and Kernel Developer's Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron Processors
    27532: AMD Athlon Processor Model 10 Revision Guide
    31177H: AMD Geode NX Processors Data Book
    31610: Revision Guide for AMD NPT Family 0Fh Processors
    33234F: AMD Geode LX Processors Data Book
    40332: AMD64 Architecture Programmer's Manual: Volumes 1-5
    41322: Revision Guide for AMD Family 10h Processors
    41788: Revision Guide for AMD Family 11h Processors
    44739: Revision Guide for AMD Family 12h Processors
    47534: Revision Guide for AMD Family 14h Models 00h-0Fh Processors
    48063: Revision Guide for AMD Family 15h Models 00h-0Fh Processors
    48931: Revision Guide for AMD Family 15h Models 10h-1Fh Processors
    51603: Revision Guide for AMD Family 15h Models 30h-3Fh Processors
    51810: Revision Guide for AMD Family 16h Models 00h-0Fh Processors
    53072: Revision Guide for AMD Family 16h Models 30h-3Fh Processors
    54945: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Models 01h,0h, Revision B2 Processors
    54945: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Models 01h,08h Revision B2 Processors
    55370: Revision Guide for AMD Family 15h Models 70h-7Fh Processors
    55449: Revision Guide for AMD Family 17h Models 00h-0Fh processors
    55570-B1: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model 18h, Revision B1 Processors
    55766: Secure Encrypted Virtualization API Version 0.16 Technical Preview
    55772-A1: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model 20h, Revision A1 Processors
    55898: Preliminary Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model 01h, Revision B1 Processors
    56214: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model 21h, Revision B0 Processors
    56569: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model 51h, Revision A1 Processors
    55901: Preliminary Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Model 11h, Revision B1 Processors
    55922-A1: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model 60h, Revision A1 Processors
    55803: Preliminary Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model 31h, Revision B0 Processors
    56176: Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 17h Model 71h, Revision B0 Processors
    56375: AMD64 Technology Platform Quality of Service Extensions
    57095: Revision Guide for AMD Family 19h Models 10h-1Fh Processors
    58015: AMD EPYC 9004 Series Architecture Overview
    58268: AMD EPYC 8004 Series Architecture Overview
    AMD64 Technology Indirect Branch Control Extension (White Paper), Revision 4.10.18
    AMD64 Technology Speculative Store Bypass Disable (White Paper), Revision 5.21.18
    Technical Guidance For Mitigating Branch Type Confusion (White Paper), Revision 2022-07-12
Information on the CPUID instruction and on specific CPUs is available from the following documents from Transmeta Corporation <http://www.transmeta.com/crusoe_docs/Crusoe_CPUID_5-7-02.pdf>:
    Processor Recognition, 2002/05/07
Information on the CPUID instruction and on specific CPUs is available from the following documents from Cyrix:
    Application Note 112: Cyrix CPU Detection Guide
    Cyrix 6x86 Processor, Instruction Set
The linux kernel can be a source of information on CPUID flags, using X86_FEATURE_* definitions in arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h. Also, it can be used to learn about Intel microarchitectures in arch/x86/include/asm/intel-family.h. Information on generic hypervisor CPUID leaves is available from this proposal: <http://lwn.net/Articles/301888/>. Information on KVM hypervisor CPUID leaves is available from the Linux kernel under Documentation/virtual/kvm/cpuid.txt. Information on XEN hypervisor CPUID leaves is deduced from source inspection, mainly from xen's include/public/arch-x86/cpuid.h and arch/x86/traps.c. Information on Microsoft hypervisor CPUID leaves is available from the following documents from Microsoft: <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/reference/tlfs> and <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff542428%28v=vs.85%29.aspx>. Also, information is available from the following web sites:
    <http://www.sandpile.org/x86/cpuid.htm>
    <http://instlatx64.atw.hu/>
    <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures>
    <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_CPU_microarchitectures>
    <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors>
    <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessors>
    <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:X86_microprocessors>

AUTHOR
Todd Allen <cpuid@etallen.com>