Qt 4.8: Configuring qmake's Environment

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qmake Function Reference

# Configuring qmake's Environment

## Properties

`qmake` has a system of persistent information, this allows you to `set` a variable in qmake once, and each time qmake is invoked this value can be queried. Use the following to set a property in qmake:

     qmake -set VARIABLE VALUE

The appropriate variable and value should be substituted for `VARIABLE` and `VALUE`.

To retrieve this information back from qmake you can do:

     qmake -query VARIABLE
     qmake -query #queries all current VARIABLE/VALUE pairs..

Note: `qmake -query` will only list variables that you have previously set with `qmake -set VARIABLE VALUE`.

This information will be saved into a QSettings object (meaning it will be stored in different places for different platforms). As `VARIABLE` is versioned as well, you can set one value in an older version of `qmake`, and newer versions will retrieve this value. However, if you set `VARIABLE` for a newer version of `qmake`, the older version will not use this value. You can however query a specific version of a variable if you prefix that version of `qmake` to `VARIABLE`, as in the following example:

     qmake -query "1.06a/VARIABLE"

`qmake` also has the notion of `builtin` properties, for example you can query the installation of Qt for this version of `qmake` with the `QT_INSTALL_PREFIX` property:

     qmake -query "QT_INSTALL_PREFIX"

These built-in properties cannot have a version prefixed to them as they are not versioned, and each version of `qmake` will have its own built-in set of these values. The list below outlines the built-in properties:

- `QT_INSTALL_PREFIX` - Where the version of Qt this qmake is built for resides
- `QT_INSTALL_DATA` - Where data for this version of Qt resides
- `QMAKE_VERSION` - The current version of qmake

Finally, these values can be queried in a project file with a special notation such as:

     QMAKE_VERS = $$[QMAKE_VERSION]

## QMAKESPEC

`qmake`requires a platform and compiler description file which contains many default values used to generate appropriate Makefiles. The standard Qt distribution comes with many of these files, located in the `mkspecs` subdirectory of the Qt installation.

The `QMAKESPEC` environment variable can contain any of the following:

- A complete path to a directory containing a `qmake.conf` file. In this case `qmake` will open the `qmake.conf` file from within that directory. If the file does not exist, `qmake` will exit with an error.
- The name of a platform-compiler combination. In this case, `qmake` will search in the directory specified by the `mkspecs` subdirectory of the data path specified when Qt was compiled (see QLibraryInfo::DataPath).

Note: The `QMAKESPEC` path will automatically be added to the INCLUDEPATH system variable.

## INSTALLS

It is common on Unix to also use the build tool to install applications and libraries; for example, by invoking `make install`. For this reason, `qmake`has the concept of an install set, an object which contains instructions about the way part of a project is to be installed. For example, a collection of documentation files can be described in the following way:

     documentation.path = /usr/local/program/doc
     documentation.files = docs/*

The `path` member informs `qmake` that the files should be installed in `/usr/local/program/doc` (the path member), and the `files` member specifies the files that should be copied to the installation directory. In this case, everything in the `docs` directory will be coped to `/usr/local/program/doc`.

Once an install set has been fully described, you can append it to the install list with a line like this:

     INSTALLS += documentation

`qmake` will ensure that the specified files are copied to the installation directory. If you require greater control over this process, you can also provide a definition for the `extra` member of the object. For example, the following line tells `qmake` to execute a series of commands for this install set:

     unix:documentation.extra = create_docs; mv master.doc toc.doc

The `unix` scope (see Scopes and Conditions) ensures that these particular commands are only executed on Unix platforms. Appropriate commands for other platforms can be defined using other scope rules.

Commands specified in the `extra` member are executed before the instructions in the other members of the object are performed.

If you append a built-in install set to the `INSTALLS` variable and do not specify `files` or `extra` members, `qmake` will decide what needs to be copied for you. Currently, the only supported built-in install set is `target`:

     target.path = /usr/local/myprogram
     INSTALLS += target

In the above lines, `qmake` knows what needs to be copied, and will handle the installation process automatically.

## Cache File

The cache file is a special file `qmake` reads to find settings not specified in the `qmake.conf` file, project files, or at the command line. If `-nocache` is not specified when `qmake` is run, it will try to find a file called `.qmake.cache` in parent directories of the current directory. If it fails to find this file, it will silently ignore this step of processing.

If it finds a `.qmake.cache` file then it will process this file first before it processes the project file.

## Library Dependencies

Often when linking against a library, `qmake` relies on the underlying platform to know what other libraries this library links against, and lets the platform pull them in. In many cases, however, this is not sufficent. For example, when statically linking a library, no other libraries are linked to, and therefore no dependencies to those libraries are created. However, an application that later links against this library will need to know where to find the symbols that the static library will require. To help with this situation, `qmake` attempts to follow a library's dependencies where appropriate, but this behavior must be explicitly enabled by following two steps.

The first step is to enable dependency tracking in the library itself. To do this you must tell `qmake` to save information about the library:

     CONFIG += create_prl

This is only relevant to the `lib` template, and will be ignored for all others. When this option is enabled, `qmake` will create a file ending in .prl which will save some meta-information about the library. This metafile is just like an ordinary project file, but only contains internal variable declarations. You are free to view this file and, if it is deleted, `qmake` will know to recreate it when necessary, either when the project file is later read, or if a dependent library (described below) has changed. When installing this library, by specifying it as a target in an `INSTALLS` declaration, `qmake` will automatically copy the .prl file to the installation path.

The second step in this process is to enable reading of this meta information in the applications that use the static library:

     CONFIG += link_prl

When this is enabled, `qmake` will process all libraries linked to by the application and find their meta-information. `qmake` will use this to determine the relevant linking information, specifically adding values to the application project file's list of `DEFINES` as well as `LIBS`. Once `qmake` has processed this file, it will then look through the newly introduced libraries in the `LIBS` variable, and find their dependent .prl files, continuing until all libraries have been resolved. At this point, the Makefile is created as usual, and the libraries are linked explicitly against the application.

The internals of the .prl file are left closed so they can easily change later. They are not designed to be changed by hand, should only be created by {qmake Manual#qmake}{`qmake`}, and should not be transferred between operating systems as they may contain platform-dependent information.

## File Extensions

Under normal circumstances `qmake` will try to use appropriate file extensions for your platform. However, it is sometimes necessary to override the default choices for each platform and explicitly define file extensions for `qmake` to use. This is achieved by redefining certain built-in variables; for example the extension used for moc files can be redefined with the following assignment in a project file:

     QMAKE_EXT_MOC = .mymoc

The following variables can be used to redefine common file extensions recognized by `qmake`:

- QMAKE_EXT_MOC - This modifies the extension placed on included moc files.
- QMAKE_EXT_UI - This modifies the extension used for designer UI files (usually in `FORMS`).
- QMAKE_EXT_PRL - This modifies the extension placed on library dependency files.
- QMAKE_EXT_LEX - This changes the suffix used in files (usually in `LEXSOURCES`).
- QMAKE_EXT_YACC - This changes the suffix used in files (usually in `YACCSOURCES`).
- QMAKE_EXT_OBJ - This changes the suffix used on generated object files.

All of the above accept just the first value, so you must assign to it just one value that will be used throughout your project file. There are two variables that accept a list of values:

- QMAKE_EXT_CPP - Causes `qmake` to interpret all files with these suffixes as C++ source files.
- QMAKE_EXT_H - Causes qmake Manual#{qmake}{`qmake`} to interpret all files with these suffixes as C and C++ header files.

## Customizing Makefile Output

`qmake` tries to do everything expected of a cross-platform build tool. This is often less than ideal when you really need to run special platform-dependent commands. This can be achieved with specific instructions to the different `qmake` backends.

Customization of the Makefile output is performed through an object-style API as found in other places in `qmake`. Objects are defined automatically by specifying their members; for example:

     mytarget.target = .buildfile
     mytarget.commands = touch $$mytarget.target
     mytarget.depends = mytarget2

     mytarget2.commands = @echo Building $$mytarget.target

The definitions above define a `qmake` target called `mytarget`, containing a Makefile target called `.buildfile` which in turn is generated with the `touch` command. Finally, the `.depends` member specifies that `mytarget` depends on `mytarget2`, another target that is defined afterwards. `mytarget2` is a dummy target; it is only defined to echo some text to the console.

The final step is to instruct `qmake` that this object is a target to be built:

     QMAKE_EXTRA_TARGETS += mytarget mytarget2

This is all you need to do to actually build custom targets. Of course, you may want to tie one of these targets to the qmake build target. To do this, you simply need to include your Makefile target in the list of PRE_TARGETDEPS.

The following tables are an overview of the options available to you with the QMAKE_EXTRA_TARGETS variable.

Member | Description
--- | ---
commands | The commands for generating the custom build target.
CONFIG | Specific configuration options for the custom build target. See the CONFIG table for details.
depends | The existing build targets that the custom build target depends on.
recurse | Specifies which sub-targets should used when creating the rules in the Makefile to call in the sub-target specific Makefile. This is only used when `recursive` is set in the CONFIG.
recurse_target | Specifies the target that should be built via the sub-target Makefile for the rule in the Makefile. This adds something like $(MAKE) -f Makefile.[subtarget] [recurse_target]. This is only used when `recursive` is set in the CONFIG.
target | The file being created by the custom build target.

List of members specific to the CONFIG option:

Member | Description
--- | ---
recursive | Indicates that rules should be created in the Makefile and thus call the relevant target inside the sub-target specific Makefile. This defaults to creating an entry for each of the sub-targets.

For convenience, there is also a method of customizing projects for new compilers or preprocessors:

     new_moc.output  = moc_${QMAKE_FILE_BASE}.cpp
     new_moc.commands = moc ${QMAKE_FILE_NAME} -o ${QMAKE_FILE_OUT}
     new_moc.depend_command = g++ -E -M ${QMAKE_FILE_NAME} | sed "s,^.*: ,,"
     new_moc.input = NEW_HEADERS
     QMAKE_EXTRA_COMPILERS += new_moc

With the above definitions, you can use a drop-in replacement for moc if one is available. The commands is executed on all arguments given to the `NEW_HEADERS` variable (from the `input` member), and the result is written to the file defined by the `output` member; this file is added to the other source files in the project. Additionally, `qmake` will execute `depend_command` to generate dependency information, and place this information in the project as well.

These commands can easily be placed into a cache file, allowing subsequent project files to add arguments to `NEW_HEADERS`.

The following tables are an overview of the options available to you with the QMAKE_EXTRA_COMPILERS variable.

Member | Description
--- | ---
commands | The commands used for for generating the output from the input.
CONFIG | Specific configuration options for the custom compiler. See the CONFIG table for details.
depend_command | Specifies a command used to generate the list of dependencies for the output.
dependency_type | Specifies the type of file the output is, if it is a known type (such as TYPE_C, TYPE_UI, TYPE_QRC) then it is handled as one of those type of files.
depends | Specifies the dependencies of the output file.
input | The variable that contains the files that should be processed with the custom compiler.
name | A description of what the custom compiler is doing. This is only used in some backends.
output | The filename that is created from the custom compiler.
output_function | Specifies a custom qmake function that is used to specify the filename to be created.
variable_out | The variable that the files created from the output should be added to.

List of members specific to the CONFIG option:

Member | Description
--- | ---
commands | The commands used for for generating the output from the input.
CONFIG | Specific configuration options for the custom compiler. See the CONFIG table for details.
depend_command | Specifies a command used to generate the list of dependencies for the output.
dependency_type | Specifies the type of file the output is, if it is a known type (such as TYPE_C, TYPE_UI, TYPE_QRC) then it is handled as one of those type of files.
depends | Specifies the dependencies of the output file.
input | The variable that contains the files that should be processed with the custom compiler.
name | A description of what the custom compiler is doing. This is only used in some backends.
output | The filename that is created from the custom compiler.
output_function | Specifies a custom qmake function that is used to specify the filename to be created.
variables | Indicates that the variables specified here are replaced with $(QMAKE_COMP_VARNAME) when refered to in the pro file as $(VARNAME).
variable_out | The variable that the files created from the output should be added to.

List of members specific to the CONFIG option:

Member | Description
--- | ---
combine | Indicates that all of the input files are combined into a single output file.
target_predeps | Indicates that the output should be added to the list of PRE_TARGETDEPS.
explicit_dependencies | The dependencies for the output only get generated from the depends member and from nowhere else.
no_link | Indicates that the output should not be added to the list of objects to be linked in.

Note: Symbian platform specific: Generating objects to be linked in is not supported on the Symbian platform, so either the `CONFIG` option `no_link` or variable `variable_out` should always be defined for extra compilers.

qmake Function Reference