% Chapter 2 from Asymptote tutorial Jim Hefferon
\chapter{Plots}
We will draw this function.
\begin{equation*}
  f(x)=x+\frac{1}{x-1}
\end{equation*}
It goes infinite at $x=1$ so
we can't ask \Asy{} to plot all $x$'s. 
We will instead plot the $x$'s where the associated $y$'s 
are between $-5$ and~$5$. 
To find these
we can use a computer algebra system such as \textit{Sage} to solve
$5=x+1/(x-1)$ and $-5=x+1/(x-1)$.
\begin{minted}{Python}
sage: x = var('x')
sage: solve( [5==x+(1/(x-1))], x )
[x == -sqrt(3) + 3, x == sqrt(3) + 3]
sage: solve( [-5==x+(1/(x-1))], x )
[x == -2*sqrt(2) - 2, x == 2*sqrt(2) - 2]
sage: round(-sqrt(3) + 3, ndigits=3)
1.268
sage: round(2*sqrt(2) - 2, ndigits=3)
0.828
\end{minted}
That leads to this source file \path{asy/plot.asy}.
\begin{center}
  \inputminted{Asymptote}{chapter2/asy/plot.asy}
\end{center}
Here is the resulting plot.
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics{chapter2/asy/plot.pdf}
\end{center}



\section{Adjustments}
As earlier, on seeing the draft graphic we make some tweaks, 
which helps give a sense of some available options,
leading to the 
source \path{asy/plot_after.asy} below.

The axes go through the two $0$'s
and the vertical asymptote passes through the~$1$.
We can change the \mintinline{Asymptote}{xaxis(..)}
command to say \mintinline{Asymptote}{RightTicks(Step=1, OmitTick(0,1))},
and similarly change \mintinline{Asymptote}{yaxis(..)}.

Although we limited the output range to between $y=-5$ and~$5$, 
the plot is still so tall that it is hard to fit on a page or slide.
We make the $y$~unit height be half of the $x$ unit width by adding this command
\begin{minted}{Asymptote}
scale(Linear, Linear(0.5))
\end{minted}
(\mintinline{Asymptote}{Linear} is in contrast with a 
\mintinline{Asymptote}{Logarithmic} scale).
The axes and graph now come out rescaled but
we must also adjust the location
of points, the ones defining the vertical asymptote line, using for example 
line~26's \mintinline{Asymptote}{Scale((1,ymin))}.

That tweak of the $y$~axis causes its tick labels to be scrunched together,
so we arrange that \Asy{} labels only every fifth tick
(the labeled ones are called major ticks and the others are minor ticks). 
\begin{minted}{Asymptote}
  yaxis(ymin=ymin-0.4, ymax=ymax+0.4,
      LeftTicks(Step=5, step=1, OmitTick(0), Size=3pt, size=2pt),
      Arrows(TeXHead));
\end{minted}
That command also sets the length of these major and minor ticks.

Here is \path{asy/plot_after.asy}. 
An explanation of line~3 is in the next section.
\begin{center}
  \inputminted{Asymptote}{chapter2/asy/plot_after.asy}
\end{center}
Here is the output.
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics{chapter2/asy/plot_after.pdf}
\end{center}



\section{Defaults}
Rather than copy and paste elements common across graphics 
such as the font commands or colors,
we can put them in a separate file and import them,
as in the prior source's line~3.
The source of that file, \path{jh.asy}, is in the Appendix.
(About the
\mintinline{Asymptote}{"../../../asy/"} 
directory stuff:~usually we set up \Asy{} with a directory for common files
and then just say \mintinline{Asymptote}{import jh}.
But for this document we want that a user can compile without setup
so the relative path is in the source.)



\section{Ticks}
With plot ticks you often want something other
than the default.
We won't cover all of the options but there are a couple of things we have
not yet seen that are especially useful.

On a trigonometric graph
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics{chapter2/asy/cos.pdf}
\end{center}
you don't want the $x$~axis to say $1$, $2$, etc.,
you want $\pi/2$, $\pi$, etc.
You also don't want ``$3.14$,'' you want ``$\pi$.''
This illustrates explicit ticks, on lines 19 and~21.
\begin{center}
  \inputminted{Asymptote}{chapter2/asy/cos.asy}
\end{center}
Note line~25's \mintinline{Asymptote}{NW}, which prints
the $3\pi/2$ northwest of its tick. 

Our other tick example has a graph paper effect, 
with lines  in a light color extending across the graph.
(I sometimes use this for lectures; here, 
to estimate by eye that at $y=2$ the slope of the tangent line 
is~$2$.)
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics{chapter2/asy/exponential.pdf}
\end{center}

The source has a number of interesting features.
\begin{center}
  \inputminted{Asymptote}{chapter2/asy/exponential.asy}
\end{center}
The graph paper effect is due to the input in lines 26 through~46.
The horizontal lines are a little clearer so we will cover them.
They are created by the \mintinline{Asymptote}{yaxis(..)} commands
in lines 39--46.
These two vertical axes, one on the left and one on the right, 
are drawn with a \mintinline{Asymptote}{nullpen} so we don't see 
vertical black lines at \mintinline{Asymptote}{xmin-0.2}
and \mintinline{Asymptote}{xmax+0.2}.
What we do see are
the ticks for those axes,
extending back and forth between them in the color given by 
\mintinline{Asymptote}{GRAPHPAPERPEN}, because of 
the \mintinline{Asymptote}{extend=true}.
These ticks have a null label because of the 
\LaTeX{} comment character~\mintinline{Asymptote}{"%"}.
The $y$~axis on the left produces the horizontal 
graph paper marks between
$x=\text{\mintinline{Asymptote}{xmin-0.2}}$ and
$x=0$, while the one on the right generates the marks 
from $x=0$ to $x=\text{\mintinline{Asymptote}{xmax+0.2}}$.
(The $x=0$ comes from the $y$~axis in lines 52--54.)

The commands from line~49 to the end produce the axes shown in black.
% Note that \mintinline{Asymptote}{yaxis(..)} produces only one arrow.

This is a long file but we will discuss a few fine points.
One is that the $(\ln(2),2)$ label has a white background
obscuring some of the graph paper lines, from the
\mintinline{Asymptote}{Label("$(\ln(2),2)$",filltype=Fill(white))}
command.
Another is that the 300 in line~19's
\mintinline{Asymptote}{f = graph(fcn, xmin, xmax, n=300)}
is there because \Asy{} draws the graph by connecting dots that
evaluate 
\mintinline{Asymptote}{fcn}
at a finite number of points, and the default was too small so that
the graphic had visible jaggies.

Finally, lines 18 and~19 as well as lines 27 and~28 make clear that
essential to understanding \Asy{} is understanding the ideas of  
\mintinline{Asymptote}{path}
and
\mintinline{Asymptote}{pen}.
That's the next chapter.